Social Structure Theory Research Paper free essay sample

The most effortless way that I can clarify social structure hypothesis is by utilizing models from my own life. I experienced childhood in the ventures with my single medication someone who is addicted mother and my younger sibling. From birth I was raised encircled by drugs, savagery, prostitution and numerous different violations. My mother has never worked and we experienced childhood with only government help. Every one of these things were the ideal situations to make hoodlums. I was an immediate result of my condition growing up. Since from when I can recollect that, I grew up getting into battles, burglarizing house, breaking into vehicles, and utilizing and selling drugs. This was every one of the an ordinary life to me. It is the thing that I grew up knowing. Just knowing this life and had the option to legitimize it full heartedly. I was kicked out of secondary school for battling and was simply headed down the more awful way conceivable. I was following everybody that I grew up around. We will compose a custom article test on Social Structure Theory Research Paper or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page At long last I took some exhortation from somebody senior that let me know back in center school that fortunately stayed with me. â€Å"If you need to resemble somebody and have the things they have, encircle yourself with those individuals and do what they do†. From that point on I have had the option to assume responsibility for my life and become a working and effective citizen. I proceeded to get my certificate. At that point attended a university in Kansas for criminal equity. After that I joined the military. Presently I am out and looking to advance my instruction. I drive the vehicle I longed for driving as a child and going to have my first child with my delightful and furthermore progressive sweetheart. The entirety of this made conceivable essentially by changing my general condition. Social structure hypothesis is characterized Siegel (2011), â€Å"The see that impeded financial class position is an essential driver of crime† (pg. 470). I accept this to be valid. Experiencing childhood in the tasks a ton of things were not seen as wrongdoings in our subculture. Something as straightforward as battling was a day by day thing to be in or to watch in a battle for force and regard, however in social orders outside of our domain that is staggering. Experiencing childhood in the activities you need to get extreme quick. As indicated by Anderson (1999), â€Å"These offspring of the road, growing up with little management, are said to â€Å"come up hard. † They frequently figure out how to battle at an early age, utilizing touchy grown-ups around them as job models† (pg. 49). We grew up doing what we saw and were educated. Growing up I did not understand that these things were even somewhat that wrong since it was of our normal practices. Standards are characterized as Henslin (2012), â€Å"expectations of â€Å"right† behavior† (pg. 45). In the event that somebody disregarded my family, my neighborhood, or me I was relied upon to battle and that is the manner by which we settled things. By doing this I got positive assents from my family and the square. Positive authorizations are characterized as Henslin (2012), â€Å"a prize or positive response for following standards, extending from a grin to a material reward† (pg. 45). Other accepted practices that I grew up learning and doing was selling drugs. Growing up this wasn’t disapproved of by any grown-up on the square and was supported by my mom so I could carry some cash into the house. Some portion of the investigation of the social structure hypothesis and the investigation of the data assembled is positivism. In the book The Structure of Social Theory it portrays positivism as Johnson (1984) â€Å"Positivism is most as often as possible used to allude to the expansion of empiricist models of normal science to the field of human activity, by contending for either a methodological or meaningful solidarity of the two. The case for methodological solidarity prompts behaviorism, while the last infers reductionist clarifications, I. e. the clarification of human activity as far as either ‘heredity’ or ‘environment’. † (pg. 32). As indicated by Henslin (2012) â€Å"It was first proposed by Auguste Comte (1798-1857)† (pg. 10). Since we can consider people’s activities and have the option to comprehend them as a science, we can get wrongdoing and what causes it. Criminology: The Core says that there are three parts of the social structure hypothesis. At the point when these speculations meet up in a situation it will be the perfect conditions for wrongdoing to create in a network. One of the primary hypotheses is the social disorder hypothesis. Social disruption hypothesis is characterized as Siegel (2011) â€Å"Branch of social structure hypothesis that centers around the breakdown in downtown neighborhoods of foundations, for example, the family, school, and business. † (pg. 142). These hypothesis centers around the condition in the earth, for example, crumbled neighborhoods, deficient social control, law-infringement packs and gatherings, and clashing social qualities. This covers a ton of things growing up that there was no genuine request or even any inspiration for request in an incredible parts. Being encircled in this sort of condition regardless of whether a parent needs to set their youngster on a decent way, it is made practically unthinkable in view of the components of posses and strain that everybody around them is experiencing. Which carries me to the following hypothesis. Strain hypothesis is characterized as Siegel (2011) â€Å"Branch of social structure hypothesis that considers wrongdoing to be a component of the contention between people’s objectives and the methods accessible to acquire them. † (pg. 142). Strain hypothesis centers around strife among objectives and the methods, for example, inconsistent dissemination of riches and influence, disappointment, and elective strategies for accomplishment. What the strain hypothesis centers around was a tremendous piece of my displeasure and avocation of why I would carry out violations. I saw a ton of things as just not reasonable and how somebody could simply have a simple street and regardless of whether they were a mess up, their folks had cash and they would have been somebody in life regardless of what they did. What is much all the more enraging about that was the way that they underestimated it and didn’t care. Regardless of whether I strayed away from the packs and the wrongdoing however much as could be expected, I despite everything needed to make it out of my condition all alone. I was only a poor child out of the ventures without any abilities, no expert references, and no cosigners for school. Simply no genuine assistance for any bearing and I am required to be a working citizen however disapproved of in the event that I didn’t do great in their eyes. In Code of the Street the section about the nice daddy goes over truly well about the fact that it is so difficult to separate yourself from the network you are related with regardless of whether you are doing quite a few things. It was madly baffling that regardless of whether you did right, you were seen the equivalent. Likewise it was disappointing that you felt that you were stuck in that place regardless of how diligently you attempted so you begin to acknowledge that name that you weren’t ever going to be anything and in the end quit attempting. At whatever point you consolidate the social confusion hypothesis and the strain hypothesis, you get the social abnormality hypothesis. Social abnormality hypothesis is characterized as Siegel (2011) â€Å"Branch of social structure hypothesis that sees strain and social confusion together bringing about an interesting lower-class culture that contentions with traditional accepted practices. † (pg. 142). Social abnormality hypothesis centers around what happens from the mix of the two different speculations. It takes a gander at the advancement of subcultures because of disruption and stress and the subcultural values contrary to customary qualities. Experiencing childhood in this condition we learned to make our own subculture and acknowledge that we were unique in relation to them. By doing this, it caused me to have no regret for the individuals that I was perpetrating violations against. I was marked as a criminal that wasn’t ever going to be anything and I acknowledged that job. Marking hypothesis is Henslin (2012) â€Å"the see that the names individuals are given influence their own and others’ impression of them, in this manner directing their conduct into either abnormality or congruity. † (pg. 197). I accepted the name that they gave me and on the off chance that I would have been called something or thought of a specific way regardless, I should do it since I am now viewed as it. So burglarizing people’s houses or vehicles didn’t appear to be a wrongdoing to me since I considered it to be they have the cash in any case and doesn’t influence or hurt them. I am going to take from them since they have it. I wasn’t seeing these as wrongdoings or demonstrating any regret for it since I considered them to be not quite the same as me. Same as ransacking individuals we got slippin the area. It resembled what ever, his mama and daddy would simply give him more cash. I would do these things on an everyday premise and didn’t even consider them to be violations. This is an enormous piece of why I accept that wrongdoing occurs and is the base of wrongdoing. These sorts of conditions blend lawbreakers and like for my benefit that the hoodlums simply consider it to be a typical lifestyle and don’t truly consider most the violations that they carry out to be really wrongdoings. Wrongdoing turns into a lifestyle and methods of endurance to individuals that experience childhood in these kinds of situations. On the off chance that we need to forestall wrongdoings we have to address the parts of the social structure hypothesis. The explanation that I am viewed as a decent working citizen currently is on the grounds that I followed the fortunate counsel that I unearthed which was â€Å"If you need to resemble somebody and have the things they have, encircle yourself with those individuals and do what they do†. Despite the fact that I got that guidance, that doesn’t imply that it was anything but difficult to acquire. I got extremely fortunate with a portion of the individuals that remained in my life. Additionally, the projects that were built up on the shut assisted a ton too. Simply the basic certainty of seeing a

Legal Aspects of Project Management

Legitimate Aspects of Project Management 1. Prologue to the agreement law Law of agreement: The law of agreement is the investigation of legitimate standards which underlie all agreements; it isn't worried about specific sorts of agreements and their particular principles (Koffman and Macdonald 2001). What contract laws do? This can be quickly clarified as follows: Agreement is framed between two gatherings, when a few questions between the gatherings emerge over the understanding, at that point one or both parties’ starts the legal procedure. At that point the legal applies the standards of the agreement law like first they check with the arrangement and vitiation of the venture and includes the ID and understanding of the express terms in the agreement and check for the terms remembered for the agreement, from that all they deduct the invalid articulations and terms lastly they search for the cures of break and gives the outcome. Despite the fact that the agreement law essentially remains on the nuts and bolts of the understanding of the gatherings, the outcome is totally founded on the procedure of legal utilization of the agreement law. Reason for contract law: Butterworths states that agreement law has numerous â€Å"purposes†, however the focal one is to help and to control the million of understandings that on the whole make up the â€Å"market economy†. (Turner C 2006) In view of the information on law of agreement, Legal guidance will be given to the two cases in the task. Right off the bat, Nancy and Andy case, Andy is exhorted whether Andy is qualified to mollusk the prize  £3000 reported by Nancy for safe return of her canine, which Nancy has wouldn't provide for Andy much after safe return of her pooch saying she have never made that proposal to him as a person. At that point in Finewines Ltd case, where the organization couldn't satisfy all the clients, providing there orders, as they don’t hold adequate stock and Adam is exhorted whether the baffled clients may have a substantial case against their organization. 2. Nancy v Andy Case 2.1. Brief presentation of the case. Nancy possesses a pet canine called Rombo one day she think that its missing, at that point she put a promotion in the diary expressing â€Å"MISSING DOG, OFFER OF REWARD† and she additionally expressed that â€Å" I am offering  £3000 for its safe return†. Taking a gander at the commercial one individual named Andy recalled that he saw the comparable pooch meandering in the close by park and the following day he got the canine and restored the pooch to Nancy and recollected her about the offer she referenced in the ad, in answer to that she said â€Å"stop being so senseless, Andy! I have never made the proposal to you as an individual† and said him to go out. Andy must be prompted whether he is qualified for  £3000 reward. 2.2. Legitimate issues emerging for the situation The fundamental legitimate issue for the situation is, regardless of whether Nancy is exposed to contract with Andy to pay him  £3000. So as to explain the above lawful issue we need to checkout the fundamental components of the agreement for the situation. Let the components we are primarily going consider be offer, acknowledgment and expectation to be legitimately bound. 2.3. Lawful research identified with the case. Agreement: â€Å"A contract is an understanding between two gatherings by which both are limited in law and which can in this way be upheld in a court or other proportionate forum† ( Turner C 2006), The individual who puts the offer is known as offeror and the individual who acknowledge the offer is an offeree. We have two distinctive trems to be known, they are offer and acceptance(accept). This are the two primary components in an agreement. One method of ordering contracts is as per whether they are ‘bilateral’ or ‘unilateral’. Reciprocal agreement: In respective agreement a guarantee by one gathering is traded for the guarantee of the other party (Duxbury R 1997). Where the two gatherings are tie to the agreement. One-sided contract: In one-sided contract one gathering guarantee to accomplish something as a byproduct of the demonstration of the other party, the demonstration is characterized by the gathering makes the guarantee (Duxbury R 1997). From the above definition we realize that the case we are managing (Nancy Andy) may goes under one-sided contract. Nancy is the gathering who sets the agreement, by makes the guarantee of offering  £3000 for the sheltered return of the canine. Here safe return of the canine is the demonstration set by Nancy. Offer: An offer is a lawful responsibility, a proposition which welcomes, in fact assumes, inevitable acknowledgment. (David Oughton Martin Davis 1997). The individual who sets the offer is known as offeror and the individual who acknowledges to the offer is known as offeree. Offer might be routed to one specific individual, a gathering of individuals or the world everywhere, as in a proposal of a prize (Duxbury R1997). For this situation the ad made by Nancy can be considered as an offer and Nancy as an offeror and Nady is the offeree, the offer is a proposal of remuneration which is routed to the world on the loose. Acknowledgment: Acceptance might be characterized as an unlimited consent, imparted by the offeree to the offeror, to all terms of the offer, made with the aim of tolerating (Duxbury R 1997). Acknowledgment in one-sided contract: Acceptance of a one-sided offer need not be imparted, in light of the fact that exhibition is equivalent to acknowledgment (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.(1893) 1 Q.B 256 Turner C 2006). Aim to be lawfully limited: The court have perceived that a few understandings, by there nature, are not planned to be legitimately authoritative (Duxbury R 1997). The understanding doesn't turn into a coupling contract except if the gatherings have appeared, explicitly or by suggestion, that they planned to make lawful relations: Rose and Frank v. Crompton Bros Ltd.[1923]. (W T Major 1993). Lindley LJ identifying with the case Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.[1893] 1 Q.B 256 says that we need to initially consider whether the notice was proposed to be a guarantee by any stretch of the imagination, or whether it was an insignificant puff which amounted to nothing. His response for the inquiry â€Å"was it an insignificant puff?† was No, he has made his answer upon the section in the commercial â€Å"â £1000 is saved with the Alliance Bank, shewing our truthfulness in the matter† where this announcement obviously their guarantee (Burrows A 2007). A similar inquiry emerges that whether truly Nancy has given that notice to make a legitimate connection. The announcement in the commercial doesn't generally guarantee that Nancy will be without a doubt paying the prize to the individual who carries her canine safe to her. In notices the court will search for the aim of the offeror in making the promotion. As on account of Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.[1893] 1 Q.B 256. Along these lines for this situation, the prize Nancy has referenced in her promotion is â€Å"mere puff† and isn't planned to frame the premise of a gorging contract (Duxburg R 1997). 2.4 Summary of the lawful research. All the fundamental components of the agreement have not satisfied to tie an agreement. The offer made isn't tie to the goal to be lawfully limited and its negligible puff. So a coupling contract isn't shaped. 2.5 Legal exhortation to Andy The promotion given by Nancy in the paper is a proposal of remuneration which is opened to the world which is a one-sided offer and the sentences of the offer are so ambiguous as they don't make reference to about for to what extent is the offer is and there is no guarantee made with respect to the prize. On account of one-sided offer the acknowledgment is viewed as when the individual beginnings the work as referenced in the offer and there is no should be any correspondence between the offeror and the offeree (for this situation Nancy and Andy separately). Along these lines acknowledgment has happened when Andy began to look through the missing pooch of Nancy. At that point with regards to the prize in the promotion Nancy had not made any guarantee that she will be giving the prize measure of  £3000in the ad. So Nancy truly doesn't plan to be lawfully fortified. In spite of the fact that Andy performed by the offer it has no worth. Hence a full restricting agreement isn't framed among Nancy and Andy so Andy doesn't have any substantial mollusk against Nancy to shellfish for the prize. 3. Finewines Ltd Case 3.1. Brief presentation of the case Finewines Ltd is a merchant and wholesaler of fine wines, situated in Sunderland, as a piece of there deals technique had appropriated their month to month list containing a rundown of wines and there costs to there clients. One among the rundown was White Australian wine for  £75 per case. Taking a gander at their inventory ten of their clients had requested for 100 instances of White Australian wine every, at that point Finewines Ltd understood that they don't hold that measure of stock to satisfy all the clients, the sum total of what they have is just 500 instances of that White Australian wine as they didn't excepted that kind of reaction that month and it had never happened before and the senior supervisor Adam need to know whether the disillusioned clients hold any legitimate mollusk against them. 3.2. Lawful issues ascending for the situation The principle issue is the whether the clients of Finewines Ltd have a legitimate case against them. To understand the above issue we need to discover whether the lists sent to the clients by Finewines Ltd is on offer or greeting to bargain. 3.3 legitimate research identified with the case. Recognize offer and Invitation to settlement: An offer is an announcement or articulation of readiness to contract for specific terms, where it requires just an acknowledgment to frame an official understanding and it must be recognized from every other proclamation which are made over the span of exchange in shaping an agreement: just an offer has an ability to move in to an agreement. The most widely recognized proclamations that must be recognized from offer are a solicitation to arrangement. The specialized definition for greeting to arrangement is the announcements showing the maker’s eagerness to get offer (T A Dwones 1997). For this situation the Finewines Ltd. organization have sent their clients a catalo

SAT Scores

ACT/SAT Scores More than likely, you have taken the ACT or SAT test. Some of you have probably taken one of these tests multiple times. As a high school senior, I thought that the scores of these tests meant everything to my admission to Illinois. I look back on it now and realize that although the ACT/SAT test is important, there are so many other important factors. There are your community/school involvement in high school; your employment experience; and possibly the most important aspect of your application, your essay. If you didnt get to the score that you were looking for, its okay. If you were involved in your community and took active leadership roles throughout high school, your chances of acceptance are still very good. Remember that your secret path to getting into Illinois just might be your admissions essay talking about why you want to be in the major that you have chosen. If you can convince an admissions counselor in your essay that you are passionate and knowledgeable about the career path that you have chosen, your chances of getting in will improve significantly. Ultimately, Illinois is looking for well-rounded applicants that are primed for success. Our admissions department fully understands that students have a lot on their plate in our modern education atmosphere. This is why they have a holistic process where they consider all of the aspects that an applicant brings to the table. In many ways, this well-roundedness is exactly what makes a college student successful. Throughout a students time at Illinois, a student will need to be successful inside and outside of the classroom. Although the ACT/SAT may have you feeling a little slighted, there are plenty of other aspects of the admissions process that may open the door for you to go to Illinois. Believe me, I have been there and done that. I took the ACT five times and still did not know if it would be enough to get in. Fortunately, Illinois saw me as well-rounded enough to be a student here and allow me to study at our wonderful university. Just keep on trying your best at everything that you are doing during your senior year and the right doors will continue to open. Hopefully, your door will open and the University of Illinois will await you. Jacob Class of 2019 I’m an Advertising student within the College of Media. My hometown is a place called Fairmount, Illinois, which is about 30 minutes from campus. I began my Illinois journey in the Division of General Studies.

Kenyas Foreign Policy - 1523 Words

FOREIGN POLICY The conduct of foreign policy in Kenya is a prerogative of the Head of State the Chief Executive (President). These powers are rested in the Presidency by section 16 of the Constitution of Kenya, Amendment Act No. 28 and in Section 23 of the Constitution. Consequently, the Chief Executive is the initiator, articulator and director of foreign policy. This applies universally and is not unique to Kenya. The Foreign Ministrys responsibility is that of advice and execution in consultation with the President Several individuals, institutions and organizations participate in the foreign policy formulation and decision-making. From this perspective, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is only a facilitator, co-ordinator and a†¦show more content†¦Membership to the EAC will enhance political cohesion and stability among the neighbouring states and thereby contribute to sustainable development of the region. (More information on http://www.eachq.org) Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Kenya is a member of IGAD, comprising of the seven countries of the horn of Africa. The Horn of Africa suffers from the perennial problem of drought and IGAD has concerted energies in addressing the issue of drought and development. In 1996, IGAD was revitalized and its mandate expanded to address issues of conflict and development. Under the IGAD arrangement, Kenya has played a mediating role in the conflicts of Southern Sudan and Somalia. Kenya’s role in these efforts have gained international recognition and prestige. (More information on http://igad.int) New Partnership for Africas Development Kenya supports the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), which is a holistic and integrated framework for the sustainable development of the African continent. It is widely recognized that Kenya’s invaluable experience in socio-economic and development processes will be useful in constructing theShow MoreRelatedMajor Actors and Determinants of a Countrys Foreign Policy4551 Words   |  19 Pagesinternational centre stage in a bid to get what it wants from the other actors. This is what is usually referred to as a country’s foreign policy. Foreign policy is defined as a system of activities evolved by communities for changing the behaviour of other states and for adjusting their own activities to the international environment. â€Å"...when we speak generically about foreign policy and the decision-making process that produce it, we mean the goals that the officials heading states (and all the otherRead MoreActors of Foreign Policy1857 Words   |  7 Pagesthan type of government, the situations at hand in every state, the foreign policies that each state considers and the political culture of a particular state, there is also one very important aspect of foreign policy ,the actors. Political leaders and especially the heads of states such as a President, Prime Minister or King/ queen are fundamental actors in foreign policy and their ideals also reflect on how their foreign policies are structured and implemented in their states. This is mainly becauseRead MoreThe Impact Of Black Friday On American Symbols, Values And Interests6556 Words   |  27 Pagesinstitution—the Pentagon—and the chief executive of the nation in the White House. Such a new turn in history is paralleled by another sudden shift in American foreign policy in general, and the rebirth of the so-called U.S. Counterterrorism Policy in particular, under what has become known as the Bush Doctrine. The doctrine pivots around four foreign policy principles: (1) preemption, (2) the spread of democracy, (3) new multilateralism, and (4) military primacy. The first two principles, namely preemptiveRead MoreThe Foreign Policy Behavior Of United States1615 Words   |  7 Pagesdecisions made by individuals. This has led to a series of discussions amongst scholars, who wonder to what extent can state leaders formulate policies that reflect national interests? In a state setting the burden to formulate policies aren’t only limited to the President, but also to different individuals who may pursue their own goals. This is evident in Kenya, whereby analysts claim that the 2011 intervention in Somalia wasn’t only influenced by the then President Kibaki, but also his Minister forRead MoreEffects Of Foreign Direct Investment On Agricultural Output And Economic Growth Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pages ABSTRACT This research investigates and empirically examines the effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on agricultural output and economic growth in Kenya. The methodology involves estimating an economic growth model using panel data of the period from 1990 to 2013. By applying the OLS method, the results indicate that FDIhas a negative effect on the economy overall, while combining with other factors such as labour, GCF and exports. However, on its own, FDI’s prove to have a positive butRead MoreKeny Food Secure Or Insecure?1737 Words   |  7 PagesKenya: Food Secure or Insecure? Kenya has an extremely diverse nature to it. On one hand, Kenya has an unemployment rate of 40 percent and 43 percent of the people living in Kenya are impoverished, and on the other hand Kenya has a plateau region that is very fertile and the people in Kenya grow a variety of agriculture products, such as beef, eggs, poultry, coffee, tea, corn, wheat, and sugarcane. Even though Kenya has some fertile land, they have been experiencing a severe drought that continuesRead MoreEffectiveness Of Fiscal And Monetary Policies Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesEffectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies to manage inflation, economic growth and exchange rate volatility in recent years in Kenya. Fiscal policy refers to government policies concerning taxes and government spending while monetary policy refers to all actions by the Central Bank to control the quantity of money supply and availability of credit in the economy. Fiscal and monetary policies play a critical role in influencing the pace at which an economy will grow and its capacity to deal withRead MoreEffect of Colonization in Kenya1159 Words   |  5 Pageseffect of colonialism in Kenya This essay analyses the effect of colonialism in Kenya. It explains the depth of colonialism within Kenya’s context and analyses the impact of colonial conquest, the imposition of international and local administrative boundaries. It also examined further the lasting consequences of colonial economic and social policies concerning colonialism in Kenya. This essay gives more explanation that has to do with British colonialism in Kenya. Colonialism developedRead MoreKenyan Coast Of East Africa1000 Words   |  4 Pages2000 BC, Cushitic-speaking people from northern Africa settled in the part of East Africa that is now Kenya. By the 1st Century AD, the Kenyan coast was frequented by Arab traders, who due to Kenya s proximity to the Arabian Peninsula, established Arab and Persian colonies there. The Nilotic and Bantu people also moved into the region during the first millennium AD. and settled inland Kenya straddles the Equator, and is located on the eastern coast of Africa. Roughly one and half times the sizeRead MoreInternational Trade Practices : Discuss The Relevance And Application Of The Mercantilist Trade Doctrine Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagestea (agricultural products are central).other export items include textile coffee, tobacco, cement and many others. Kenya imports mostly machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron steel and plastics. Kenya mainly trades with countries like England, China, Japan, Netherlands, Uganda, Tanzania, United States of America and the United Arab Emirs. Kenya exports about 5.7billion us dollars and imports about 12.651billion us dollars leading to a negative balance of payment

Drama of Ancient Greece Essay - 2207 Words

Drama of Ancient Greece The Greek dramatists have bequeathed immensely to the current mode of modern Western literature. Shakespeare and his contemporaries revered them for their distinct and explicit language, their dramatic scenes, and their extravagant processions. The language of their stories has connoted itself into both, the Western dialect and Western literature in general. The establishment of Ancient Greek culture that has left the most immutable impression on our current world is the myth. The many mortal heroes who are seen throughout the extensive deployment of myths are accompanied by the ostentatious and mighty immortals, led by Zeus in the palace on Mount Olympus. Their structural case is not restricted to†¦show more content†¦Her son, Eros, inherited both, her mischievous nature and her iconography. Apollo was the god of light, the intellect, the arts, and healing. He was the son of Zeus and the Titan, Leto. Also heralded as Phoebus, Apollo signifies light, order, and the sun. The most beautiful of all the gods, Apollo represents the more rational side of both the universe and man. His oracle at Delphi, on Mount Parnassus, was revered throughout the mortal world as a vessel of Apollo’s predictions for the future. Mortals sought the oracle from vast distances to discover the will of the gods. Ares/Mars was the god of war, and the son of Zeus and Hera. He loved to fight, and to cause torment and battle, although he lost his courage immediately after he himself was wounded. Followed by Panic, Terror, and Trembling, and accompanied by his sister, Eris, and her son, Strife, everywhere Ares walked he brought death and violence. Artemis, who was the twin sister to Apollo and goddess of the hunt and unmarried women, had vowed to remain chaste. Attended by her hunting hounds and nymphs, Artemis ranged throughout the mortal forests, hunting with her silver bow. Any mortal man who saw her bathing, or in any way harassed her, met with a horrible fate. She changed one man into a stag and set his own pack of hunting hounds on him. Like the moon she was always related to, though, Artemis had two sides. She was gentle and protective towards women and their young children.Show MoreRelated Abuse of Power Reflected in the Politics and Drama of Ancient Greece2047 Words   |  9 PagesIndividual Abuse of Power Reflected in the Politics and Drama of Ancient Greece The Greeks believed that too much power entrusted in one person was dangerous. They were the first democratic society in a tumultuous world of kings and emperors, and they were proud of their ideology. Considering their fervent belief in rule by many, its not surprising that many Greek dramas revolve around an individual hero or a kings fall from power because of pride or some other personality flaw. Well-knownRead MoreAncient Greek Theatre and Drama1648 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Greece, the birthplace of theatre, continues to greatly influence theatre today. Drama is a form of poetry, because dialogue was spoken or sung in verses. Many Greek plays are still relevant today. Some plays survived on their merits, while others were preserved from academic interest or by accident (Peter Arnott). The Great Dionysia was an important yearly religious celebration and festival, honoring Dionysus, the Greek god of wine and fertility. The Great Dionysia is where theatre firstRead MoreImpact Of Religion On Greek Theatre893 Words   |  4 Pagesvery large impact on Greek theatre. Religion was related to many everyday life tasks in ancient Greece such as festivals, initiations, and oracles. Religion was a very important subject and was something they used in their everyday lives. This is why, in my opinion ,religion had a high impact on Greek theatre. â€Å" The religion of Greek people is an important aspect of the Greek culture.†(Religion in Greece Source:www.greeka.com) Greek religion was a form of polytheism, which meant that they believedRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Ancient Greece1107 Words   |  5 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Ancient Greece Annotated Bibliography Ancient Greece was the birth place of many sciences, famous philosophers and the arts. A time where humans where constantly discovering many different things, forming new ideas and opinions about life each and every day. Various gods ruled these different city states. Mythology was very huge in Ancient Greece. There are so many different folktales and myths from Ancient Greece. Do you ever wonder if any of those ancient Myth’s were true? EverRead MoreRoman Theatre : A Diverse Art Form1045 Words   |  5 PagesRoman theatre initially began in 240 BC when Greek theatre was discovered and translated to Latin, then being brought to Rome. The first drama was held at Ludi Romani, the Roman Festival or the Roman Games. This occurred just before Rome became an empire in 27BC. There were many types of these festivals during a year for all sorts of reasons according to history. Theatre was, and is a diverse art form. It ranged from festival performances, street theatre, and acrobatics to eloquent tragediesRead MoreAncient Greek Culture808 Words   |  3 PagesAncient Greek Culture The culture of Ancient Greece consists of many traditions, religious practices, music, and foods. The Greeks were very religious people. There are a large number of religious festivals that were celebrated by the Greeks with great enthusiasm. Dance was also very important to the Ancient Greeks. It is said that they believed dance t improve both physical and emotional health. Men and women rarely danced together. Some dances were danced by men while others by women. TheRead MoreEssay on Ancient Greek Theatre1179 Words   |  5 Pagesworship in its self. The City Dionysia happened every spring in the Theatre of Dionysus, the first home of theatre and the form of the play. It was from the dithyramb that the roots of drama developed. In 534 B.C. the tyrant-ruler of Athens changed the City Dionysia by introducing the first of the drama competitions at the Theatre of Dionysus, a contest that would continue for well over one hundred years and that would involve playwrights that are still world famous in the twenty first centuryRead MoreHow Did Ancient Greece Influence Western Civilization951 Words   |  4 Pages The Western world was highly influenced by the ancient Greeks. The Greeks changed the way the world looks at art, math, architecture, philosophy, sports, and drama. Without the ancient Greeks, the modern world would not be the same. Men such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle changed the way we look at philosophy. The Athenians created the first known democracy, setting the stage for future governments. The Euclidian Theorem and the Pythagorean Theorem among others made mathematics easier and moreRead MoreEssay Greek Theater1157 Words   |  5 Pages Ancient Greek Theater is the first historical record of â€Å"drama,† which is the Greek term meaning â€Å"to do† or â€Å"to act.† Beginning in the 5th century BC, Greek Theater developed into an art that is still used today. During the golden age of the Athenians plays were created, plays that are considered among the greatest works of world drama. Today there are thousands of well-known plays and films based on the re-make of ancient drama. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Theater originated from the religiousRead MoreThe Festival Of The Gods Of Wine And Fertility1562 Words   |  7 PagesDionysus was celebrated by the ancient Greeks as the God of wine and fertility. Around 534 B.C.E., the Athenians and people from all parts of Greece started a tradition of coming together to worship Dionysus. All work and other activities in the City of Dionysia would come to a halt for a week so that the festivities could take place. The festival of Dionysus paved the way for plays and performances throughout history. For the first time actors started to be paid to rehearse their parts and perform

Macbeth Contextualize Analyze And Personalize Free Essays

He felt like maybe he shouldn’t have done what he did. Lastly, Machete’s psychological state is that he is feeling suspicious about how Duncan and Banquet are acting. Analyze- In this scene , something that is revealed is that Macbeth immediately realizes that the fulfillment of the prediction may require conspiracy and murder on his part. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth Contextualize Analyze And Personalize or any similar topic only for you Order Now One thing that Machete’s words in this scene mean to me is that things can be good but also be terribly bad at the same time. Also, life can be hard at times, but you have to push through it the best you can. You can’t let the bad things overtake the good in life. Think the most important words in this aside are when Macbeth says he is Thane of Castor. These are the most important words because even though some people may not want him to be king there isn’t anything they can do about it for it to change. Personalize- My reaction to these lines are that there is a lot of defense coming from Macbeth, like he is lining guilty or ashamed about being king. I feel like Macbeth is trying to get a point across to Banquet, that he knows Banquet wants to be king but he will never feel the joy that Macbeth feels. Banquet will never have the power of being king. The way would deal with the situation would most likely be the same way Macbeth did. He seemed very calm about it. He didn’t really get violent, he just stated that he was King, and there’s no way to change it. How to cite Macbeth Contextualize Analyze And Personalize, Papers

The impact of the electronic society free essay sample

When these computers are retired there are four options: recycling, donating, returning to the manufacturer, throwing in the trash. The most common procedure is throwing it away. In 2005 an estimated 5. 3 billion mounds of electronic waste was generated (EPA, 2005). Of this, only 9% was recycled (Hading et al. , 2006). When computers end up in landfills it is possible that the toxic metal can leach into groundwater. The EPA developed the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TALC) to simulate a scenario in which toxic materials leach out into landfills. Schmidt 2003, Gang Townsend 2003) These tests show that lead and other toxic metals in e-waste do leach. This is an environmental hazard that can not be ignored, however, alternative end-of-life options are yet to produce a cure all solution. Ho_gets_the_trash. Jpg Who Gets the Trash? Sedgwick, Philippe. Basel Action Network: Vital Waste Graphics. 2004 http://maps. Grind. No/go/graphic/who_gets_the_trash No Easy Answer Electronic-waste recycling flow exemplifies the pattern of technology and material flow in the world economy. We will write a custom essay sample on The impact of the electronic society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When American consumers chose to recycle their computers, they must pay an intermediary company to pick-up their computer. This intermediary company then sells the computer to e- waste recycling operations, mostly in South and East Asia. In 2002, the United States sent 10. 2 million computers to the region, mostly China. Lies 2004) Recycling operations present challenges and opportunities for developing nations. E-waste is a source of electronic parts and valuable metals for reuse.Of the world tantalum stock, 24% is from recycled sources (Berger Hayes 2002). These plants are provide employment waste. Jpg impoverished regions. (Lies, 2004) However, these benefits are at costs to human and environmental health. Recycling computers is a physically complicated process. Computers must be taken apart by hand, because plastic and metals are often combined. Toxic metals can contaminate if not handled properly. When toxic materials are not fully separated, they can return to the market in unexpected forms.Toys and other products made from improperly recycled plastics can contain traces of lead and other toxic metals. The process cannot be automated and is hazardous. It is a high cost industry, and is only profitable in Asia, because laborers work for very low wages. If recycling operations were to succeed in developed nations, governments would need to subsidize the process. (Lies, 2004) Environmental injustice is the systematic imposition of disproportionate environmental costs and hazards on geographically, laterally, ethnically, or temporally defined groups.Is the e-waste recycling stream a driver of environmental injustice? The positive consequences of electronic waste are greater employment, raw materials, electronic parts, and improved infrastructure within the country institutions. However, these benefits are concentrated in the hands of managers and the affluent classes within societies. Like coolant mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, hazardous employment is perceived as an improvement over no employment. This is the result Of conscious poverty.

Todays Musician essays

Todays Musician essays In todays culture, music is a large part of our lives. Most people like music, but some love it. Musicians want to create their own music. They love going to stores and checking out the newest equipment. When someone becomes a musician they learn many things, that non-musicians would never know. Not everyone has the drive to be a musician. Being a musician has effected me in many positive ways. Learning music at a young age taught me responsible, how to manage my time, and how to communicate with others more quickly and efficiently. As I got older if gave me a hobby and a way express myself. I learned how to read and write music. It is important to be able to read and write music because I will be able to play anything I want. I learned all the different terms that musicians use. I learned how to play music in a band. Both marching and rock band. When someone is a musician, they have a different social life then people who are not. Musicians go to a lot of music clubs and concerts. Musicians also love to talk to other musicians about the newest instruments, brands, technology and ideas they have. Musicians are also popular with women. Women like musicians for their talents and love of music. Performing on stage gets you a lot of attention from people who like your music. Musicians also like to create their own music. Musicians express their feelings and political stand points in their music. Musicians also play songs they like to hear. So they may do some cover songs from their favorite band on stage. They spend countless hours perfecting their instrument, so they can sound good on stage. Musicians start bands to have fun and to make their dreams come true. Todays Musician does many things that you normally would not learn if you were not a musician. Whether its practicing alone, playing on stage, listening to music in my car, or talking to friends about music. Music in constantly in my ...

How to Study Better in High School 16 Expert Tips

How to Study Better in High School 16 Expert Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Studying is about finding a right balance between concentration, understanding, retention, and rest. And, just like any task that taxes your energy- be it physical or mental- it is often just as difficult to get started as it is to engage in the task itself. But don't despair! Whether you need to study for just one test, or want to learn how to study over the long haul and retain a whole term's worth of information, we've got you covered. We’ll explain exactly how to study better, helping you revamp both your daily and long-termstudy habits and giving you the best study tips for managing your timeand keeping your focus as you actually study. And, once you've mastered thesestudy techniques, we’ll also show you how to prepare yourself for test day so you can do your very best when the chips are down.So let’s get to it! Building Good StudyHabits Again, exerting both mental energy andphysical energy is difficult and many find it tough to keep upover the long term. But a proper approach will helpease the way and keep your studying strong for years to come. To laya healthy study foundation and avoid last minute cramming and undue stress, it's necessary to build (and maintain!) a proper study habit. Just like with exercise, the task will become easier and more manageable the more you are able to get into a routine. And you'll be far less likely to lapse back into bad study habits once you've made studying an intractable part of your daily life. #1: Stick to a Set Schedule Your brain builds pathways and habits over time, and studying is about building thosemental muscles and endurance. Getting into a fixed habit of studying will help you improve your concentration and mental stamina over time. And, just like any other training, your ability to study only improves with time and dedicated effort. There are many activities that are good for us, but that we often- for whatever reason- dread doing. Whether this is exercising, doing chores, or studying, it’s a good idea to set yourself a schedule and stick to it no matter how you’re feeling at the moment.It’s easy to put off these activities for a thousand reasons: you’re busy doing something else, you’re tired, you have a headache, you’re not in the mood.†¦But the more you hold yourself to a set schedule, the more likely you’ll do what you need to do without having to make an endless litany of excuses. Aside from doing homework,set aside a dedicated 50 to 75 minutesto study each day and then stick to your schedule. You'll find the studyrhythmthat works best for you, but do know that you don't necessarily have to sit down and eek out those minutes all at once. You can decide to split the time into smaller segments throughout the day, or, if you work betterat completing tasks and moving on, you can choose to get your studying done all at once. One way to divide your after school study time into segments could be: 4:30 - 5:00 - arrive home, eat a snack, relax 5:00 - 5:30 - first study chunk 5:30 - 6:30 - break/homework/other task 6:30 - 6:45 -second study chunk 6:45 - 7:30 -dinner/assignments/other task 7:30 - 8:00 - final study chunk Or, if you'd rather spend your 50-75 study minutes all at once, then your schedule may look more like: 4:30 - 5:00 - arrive home, eat a snack, relax 5:00 - 6:15-study time 6:15 - rest of evening - dinner, break, homework, other tasks How you create your study schedule is up to you, just so long as you stick to itonce you've made it and don'tdeviate. #2: Schedule Your Studying in SmallerIncrements Over a Long Period of Time By committing50 to 75minutes to studyevery day (and sticking to your schedule!), you'll avoid bothburning out your mental energy and being stuck crammingfor hours and hours at a time the night before a test. Not to say that cramming your material can't occasionally "work." Some people are absolutely able to cram for a test the night before and do well, but studying in this way will only store the information in your short-term memory, not your long-term.This means that, by cramming, you can struggle to stay apprised of the material as the semester progresses (especially in classes where previous information builds on later information, such as in science, math, or history classes). And the long term effect of forcing your brain to cramnecessary information at once will not only makestudying for finals particularly difficult- essentially forcing youto re-learn a semester’s worth of material, rather than being able to simply review it- but making a habit of cramming material at the last minute will only increase your stress and make you feel as though you have to constantly play â€Å"catch-up.† By sticking to a schedule of studying for a reasonable amount of timeover the entire semester or term, you'll be able to better store and recall the information you need, and thereby reduce some of the stress that comes from schoolwork, tests, and studying. Though it may seem rigidnow, a set study structure will make life easier in the long term. Setting the Right Study Environment A proper study schedule is essential, but so is creating the right study environment. Your environment can have a tremendous impact on your concentration and productivity, so figuring out aproper study space will ultimately benefit you and improve your study time. #3: Stick to the Same Study Spaces A stable environment for a particular activitycan help put you in the right mood and mind frameto complete the task at hand. The same applies for engaging in studying. It is helpful to have one or two dedicated locations for schoolwork- separate from any "free time" areas- that you use to study in each and every study session. Sometimes this may not be possible if you live in a small dwellingand don't have access to free public spaces like a library,but do the best you can to find a space you can use solelyfor studying and stick byit. Your studyspace will be individual to you, so don't worry about how other people work best. Some people concentrate their best when surrounded by others, like in a study group or a bustling coffee shop, while some people can only study if they're alone or in a completely silent location. Experiment with different environments and spaces until you find the one you seem to work in best and then stick to it as your dedicated "study zone." #4: Practice Good Study Hygiene Good study hygiene is about retaining a clear separation between work and rest.This allows you to focus on necessary tasks while minimizing stress and anxiety in the rest of your life. We've already talked about keeping a dedicated study space, but now we have tobe sure to keep those areas as "hygienic" as possible. How? By following a few key rules of setting up your study environment: Make Sure That You DON'T Study In or On Your Bed Studying in sleeping areas is the very definition of NOTmaintaininga clear separation between work and rest, and most often leads to increased levels of stress and insomnia. This, in turn, can decrease your concentration and ability to study in the long term. By blurring the lines between study-time and free-time, you'll only createspillover stress for yourself and be stuck in acyclical effect of non-productivity and anxiety. So keep your study location to a desk, a table, or even a couch, so long as you aren't anywhere on your bed. Keep Tantalizing Distractions Far Away It's easy to allow ourselvesto take "a quick break" tocheck our phones, get up and go hunting for a snack, or to let ourselves get caught up searching forirrelevant information on Wikipedia. There are untold distractions all around us that try to lure our concentration away from the task at hand, and giving into temptation can be an awful time suck.The best way to avoid distractionslike these is to remove temptation altogether. Make up a snack for yourself before you start studying so that you're not tempted to get up. Keep your phone far away, and turn off your wifi on your computer if you can. Tell yourself that you can't get up to check on whatever has you distracted until your allotted study time is up.Whatever has you distracted can wait until your study time is over. Keep Yourself Comfortable, Hydrated, and Fed Taking care of your body's basic needs will not onlyhelp toimprove your mood and concentration while you study, but it will also helpmake sure youavoid needing to get up (and therebylose your focus) during your study time. So make sure you takewater, a jacket, a snack, coffee, or whatever else you need to your study space so that you can be comfortable, focused, and ready to learn. VaryingYour Study Methods There are many different ways to study, and none is exclusively better than any other. In fact,diversifying your study techniques, andusing a mix of multiple different study methodswill help you learn and store your information better than simply sticking toone. Practicing different study methods and combining different techniques to prevent mental fatigue and keep your brain engaged. And we'll walk through some of the best study techniqueshere. #5: Rewrite or Rephrasethe Materialin Your Own Words It can be easy to get lost in a textbook and look back over a page, only to realize you don't remember what you just read. But luckily, that can be remedied. For classes that require you to read large bodies of text, such ashistory, English, or psychology, make sure tostop periodically as you read. Pause at the end of a paragraph or a section and- without looking!- think about what the text just stated. Re-summarize it in your own words. Now glance back over the material to make sure you summarized the information accurately and remembered the relevant details. Make a mental note of whatever you missed and then move on to the next section. You mayalso want to make a bulleted listof the pertinent information instead of just rephrasing it mentally or aloud. Without looking back down at the textbook, jot down the essentials of the material you just read. Then look over the book to make sure you haven't left out any necessary information. Whether you choose to simply summarizealoud or whether you write your information down, re-wording the text is an invaluable study tool. By rephrasing the text in your own words, you can be sure you're actuallyremembering the information and absorbing its meaning, rather than just rote copying theinfo without trulyunderstanding or retainingit. #6: Teach the Material to Someone Else Teaching someone else is a great way to distill your thoughts and summarize the information you've been studying. And,almost always, teaching someone elseshows you that you’ve learned more about the material than you think! Find a study-buddy, or a patient friend or relative, or even just a figurine or stuffed animal and explain the material to them as if they're hearing about it for the first time. Whether the person you're teaching is real or not, the act of teaching material aloud to another human being requires you to re-frame theinformation in new ways and think more carefully about how all the elements fit together. Andthe act of running through your material this way- especially if you do it aloud- helps you more easily lock it in your mind. #7: Quiz Yourself With Flashcards Making flashcards is an oft-usedstudy tooland for very good reason!Making your own flash cardscannot only help you retain information just through the sheer actof writing it down, but will also help you connect pertinent pieces of information together. So for any subjects in which you must remember theconnections between terms and information, such as formulas, vocabulary, equations, or historicaldates, flashcards are the way to go. To make the best use of your flashcards, use the Leitner Method, so that you don't waste your time studying what you already know. To employ this method, quiz yourself with your flashcards and separate the cards into two different piles. In Pile 1, place the cards you knew andanswered correctly, in Pile 2, place the cardsyou didn’t know the answers to. Now go back through the cards again, butonlystudying the cards from Pile 2 (the "didn't know" pile). Separate these again as you go through them into Pile 1 (know) and Pile 2 (don't know). Repeatthe process of only studying to "don't know" cardsuntil more and more cards can be added to the â€Å"know† pile. Once all the cards are in the â€Å"know† pile, go through the whole pile onceagain to make sure you’ve retained the information on all the cards. #8: Make Your Own Diagrams, Formula Sheets, and Charts Reconstituting information into pictures can help you see and understand the material in new and different ways.For math and science classes, you may want to make yourself a formula sheet in addition to making flashcards. Flashcards will help you to remember each formula in isolation, but making one catch-all formula sheet will give you a handy study reference tool. And making one will, again, help you to retain your information just through the process of writing it down. The bonus is thatif you're more of a visual/picture learner, a formula sheet canhelp you to remember your formulas by recallinghow they're situated with one another. To help you to remember your science processes, createyour own diagrams.For instance, for a biology class, draw your own cell and labelthe components or make your own Krebscycle diagram. These pictures willtypicallybein your textbooks, so examine the picture you're given andthen create your own diagram without looking at the textbook. See how much you've been able to accurately recreate and then do it again until it's perfect. Sometimes making your own charts and diagrams will mean recreating the ones in your textbookfrom memory, and sometimes it will mean putting different pieces of information together yourself. Whatever the diagram type and whatever the class, writing your information down and making pictures out of itwill help to lock the material in your mind. #9: Give Yourself Rewards To make studying a little more fun, give yourself a small reward whenever you hit a study milestone. For instance,let yourselfeat a piece of candy for every 25flash cards you test yourself on or for every three paragraphs you read (and re-word) in your textbook. Or perhapsgive yourself one extra minuteof video gameor television-watching time for every page you study from your book(to be redeemedonly after your study time is over, of course). Whatever your particular incentive is, letyourself havethatsmall reward-boost tohelp see you throughthe days whenstudying seems particularly taxing. You can even make yourself a Study Reward Diagram: studying input - candy reward - energy boost - more studying - more candy! Making the Most ofYour Study Time Whether you're studying for a particular test or studying to keep yourself apprised of the class material all throughout the term, you'll want to make the most of your allotted daily study time. After all, there's no use setting aside and committing to your 50-75 minutes a day to study if the time is ultimately unproductive. So make the best of each study session by following these study tipsfor concentration and memory retention. #10: Study New Material Within 24 Hours In order to maintain your knowledge of the class material throughout the term, make life easier on yourself by reviewing any new information you learn onthe same day you learned it. Reviewing new material within 24 hours will help you to retain much more of what you learned than if you were to review the same information at a later date. So make sure todedicate a portion of each study time to reviewing the information you learned thatsame day in your classes. School bombards you withnew material each and every day. And even if you’re interested in the new material as you’re learning it, it’s all too easy to let anything new slip away when you have so much else to think about. Butonce the information has been pushed to the back burnerof your mind, your brain will generally discard it rather than storing it into your long term memory. To combat this â€Å"curve of forgetting,† make a habit of taking notes in class and then reviewing the material that very same night.This will help lock the information into your long-term memory and serve you well in the future. Just a few minutes in the here and now will save you hours of having to relearn the material at a later date. #: Use the Pomodoro Technique to Retain Focus Everyone loses their concentration from time to time. But, luckily for us, there are time management techniques that can help keep up mentalenergy and productivity, such as the Pomodoro Technique. The Pomodoro Technique is a time management method for increased focus and concentration, which makes it ideal for tackling studying and homework. The principle behind the technique is to divvy up your focus and break times into set regimes so that your mind remains sharp and attuned tothe task at hand, without giving into fatigue or distraction. The method is to divide your focus time (â€Å"pomodoros†) into 25 minute blocks dedicated to a task. And every time you feel your focus drifting, write down what had you distracted,put it aside, and don't give into the temptation to lose focus. (For instance, if you feel compelled to look at your email or look up what year your favorite movie came out, mark down â€Å"check email† or â€Å"look up favorite movie† and then return to your original task.) This will allow you to acknowledge the distraction and return to it later without having it derail your study time now. After every 25 minute block of time is complete, give yourself a check mark and allow yourself a 5 minute break. (A good time to check thatemail!)Onceyou’ve reachedthe fourth check mark (100 minutes of focus and 15 minutes of break), take a 20 minute break. Then begin the cycle again. By balancing up your time and energy between designated periods of focus and rest, you’ll be able to tackle studying your topic at hand without mental fatigue and burnout (which can easily occur if you try to marathon your way through a study session) and without losing focus (which can happen if you find yourself taking a break that lasts...indefinitely). To help visualize this technique in action, let's look at it setout in an example schedule: 5:00 - 5:25 - first pomodoro 5:25 - 5:30 - short break 5:30 - 5:55 - second pomodoro 5:55: - 6:00 - short break 6:00 - 6:25 - third pomodoro 6:25 - 6:30 - short break 6:30 - 6:55 - fourth pomodoro 6:55 - 7:15 - long break #12: Know When to Move On There will always come a point in your studies where you need to simply put down the bookand move on.As always, life is about balance, and eventually you’ll start to see diminishing returns on your study efforts if you try to spend too much time on one particular topic/class/chapter. At some point, your time will be better spent studying for other classes, or engaging inan alternatetype of study task. Don't stopyour studying earlier than your scheduledtime, but turn your focus to a different study topic or switch your attentionfrom quizzing yourself with flashcards to making a diagram instead. It’s not always easy to see, but you’ll get better and better at realizing when you’ve hit this stopping point (and not the point five minutes into studying when you’re bored) and are no longer retaining focus or information. It may take time, but you'll get there. Your brain is capable of great things, but even it has its limits. And learninghow to maximize your time and energy will keep you from pushing those limits. Preparing for Test Day When you're preparingfor a test, the actual studying part is only half the battle. The other half comes from being well prepared to actually take the test and giving it your best possible effort. And these techniques will help you get there. #13: Get Enough Sleep The absolute, number one, most important way you can prepare yourself for a test is to sleep the night before. Getting a good night’s sleep before a test (and preferably every night) is absolutely paramount. Sleep increases focus and concentration. The effects of not sleeping are much like being under the influence of alcohol. No matter how well you know the material, taking a test sleep deprived will do you no favors. A regular sleep schedule is preferable and will do wonders for your overall health, happiness, concentration, and memory. But even if you can't sleep, just closing your eyes and relaxingwill help. So if you find yourself grappling withinsomnia, let yourself relax in the dark and in your bed instead of whittling away the hours some other way. #14: Pack Your Gear the Night Before the Test Whatever it is you need to have, make sure to pack it up the night before. This will help you relax and sleep and will insure you don't leave anything crucial behind in your morning rush out the door. So pack your pencils, your calculator, and scratch paper. Even lay out your clothes for the next day. Prepare whatever you need to so that you can reduce your stress and help you rest the night before your exam. #15: Eat Something Just like with sleeping, making sure to eatsomething the morning of atest will help you concentrate and focus throughout the day. Anything is better than nothing, but try to eat something that will keep you full and provide you with some protein and carbohydrates. Whole grains, fruit, and eggs are generally a good bet, but pretty much anything will do in a pinch so long as you get some calories in you (and so long as it isn't pure sugar and caffeine!). #16: Take a Walk Exercising, even just a little bit, will help boost your mood, energy, and concentration.If possible, take a walk or do some quick cardio exercises (such as jumping jacks) for ten to twenty minutes before an exam. Now you're ready to rock that test- go get it! ...And then take a nap when you're done. The Take-Aways: How to Study Better Being able to study and study well is a skill and a habit that's built like any other. It takes preparation, time, and diligence to see it through, but once the habit is established, it will simply becomea part of yourdaily routine. To maintain the proper balance of leisure and work (and, most importantly, avoid burnout and excessive stress), it’s best to stick to schedules and divvy up your time and energy over long periods of time. And remember to use that allottedtime wisely once you're in the middle of it. Of course an ideal scheduleisn’t always realistic and there will still be those days you have to cram for whatever reason. But incorporating healthier time management and study methods will benefit you in the long-term and serve you well not only in high school, but in college, in the workplace, and for whatever other task you set your mind to in the future. Just take it one step at a time and you'll be amazed at the final results. What's Next? Now that you've tackled how to study better, make sure you actually get that studying done by learninghow to overcome procrastination. Unsure about how your GPA ranks with your top school choices? Learn what GPA you need to get into the school you want and how much your GPA matters for college applications. Studying for the SAT or ACT? Check outsome of our expert guides, starting with how to get a perfect score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Business Ethics - Essay Example In this case, there are no ifs and buts. However, a close look reveals the fact that applying Kant’s principles into the modern business world is a tough task due to many reasons. The first such issue that requires attention is the fact that Kant proposes that the same maxim can be applied to two moral dilemmas. However, it seems that at times, there are issues of conflicting duties. For example, the United States in the 1990s witnessed the shutting down and massive layoffs of many enterprises. A closer look reveals the fact it becomes impossible to assess this situation using Kant’s ideology. To illustrate, the Kant’s philosophy would argue that the employees, in such cases, are being used as mere means to enhance the shareholder wealth, and hence, it is immoral from the part of the company to shut down. If someone agrees that it is immoral from the part of the company to shut down, and that the company should run irrespective of the consequences of that action, the issue gets more complicated. For example, the company is showing injustice towards its shareholders. In other words, when the company resorts to showing morality towards the employees by avoiding layoffs, it fails to show the same morality towards its shareholders. Thus, it becomes evident that Kant’s theory of categorical imperative is not absolute in nature. Yet another example is the forced retirement of employees in a company so that the company can pass through a financial crisis by reducing expenses. It is very evident that according to the widely accepted notion in the business field, it is justifiable to crucify a few innocent if it does good to the majority. However, the Kant ideology is in stark contradiction with this ideology. In both the cases, it seems difficult to find a solution that can do justice to all the stakeholders. However, a solution to this kind of issues comes from the notion of open book management. This method was developed and implemented by Jack Stack at the Springfield Manufacturing Company. According to Schuster, Carpenter and Kane (227), under the open book management system, the company informs its employees about the financial situation of the company on a regular basis. Thus, when the employees possess sufficient knowledge about the performance and financial situation of the company, they too have an equal responsibility in the running of the company. It is very evident that in open book management, employees get a chance to take wise decisions about their performance and career. So, if the company faces a situation like layoff, the level of suspicion and confusion will be far less, and sometimes, the committed employees may propose to work for a limited wage to face the crisis. Anyhow, it is highly unlikely from the part of employees to allege that they are deceived by the company. Thus, it becomes evident that a proper understanding of the Kant ideology and its application in the workplace will make more meani ngful workplace by enhancing self-respect and freedom. In addition, it means the removal of a layer of supervisors as the company no longer requires supervisors to monitor its employees. To sum up, when the employees are allowed autonomy, when they are provided reasonable salary and conducive workplace, and when the company does not interfere with their moral development, one can say that Kant’s theory of categorical imperative is accepted in spirit. II Principles of affirmative action are the principles which are intended

Psychology and Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Psychology and Addiction - Essay Example Education was not given a priority in Rosa Lee’s growing years. Her mother would prefer that work and chores were done well and schooling was not as important, as she inculcated to Rosa Lee that she would never amount to something more than engaging in domestic work. Rosa Lee felt deprived of play in her childhood, as she needed to chop wood, carry heavy things, scrub a room spotless and cater to her family’s every need. As an adult, being overly clean with the house became her way of coping with stress. Rosa Lee craved for her mother’s approval. Her attempts to be close to her mother were often met with hostility. When she learned to shoplift nice things to offer her mother, she would be reprimanded, but later, as her mother would inspect the merchandize, would throw her arms around her with appreciation. Such acts of intimacy were short-lived, as Rosetta did not hesitate to inflict physical harm at Rosa Lee whenever she displeased her. On the other hand, her father, Earl Wright, an alcoholic had better regard for her and indulged her with whatever coins he can spare for her whenever he was drunk. In school, Rosa Lee felt that her poverty was holding her back from becoming what she was destined to be. In her puberty, she noticed that other children had nice clothes while she wore rags. At this age, the need to belong and be noticed by other children becomes very strong. Her first shoplifting episode was borne out of this desire to be upgraded in terms of fashion. From then on, stealing became a way of life, and she became better and better at it until such time when she managed to subtly slip merchandize in her waiting bag or under her skirt. Rosa Lee fared poorly in school, not realizing that she was a slow learner until she had the unfortunate episode of being thrown out of a class with a teacher she admired. With Mrs. Whitehead, she felt that she was learning, and enjoyed her teaching

Youth Mental Health Issues

Youth Mental Health Issues Mental and substance use disorders are among the most important health issues facing Australians. They are a key health issue for young people in their teenage years and early 20s and, if these disorders persist, the constraints, distress and disability they cause can last for decades (McGorry et al., 2007). Associated with mental disorders among youth are high rates of enduring disability, including school failure, impaired or unstable employment, and poor family and social functioning. These problems lead to spirals of dysfunction and disadvantage that are difficult to reverse. (McGorry et al., 2007). As over 75% of mental disorders commence before the age of 25 years, reducing the economic, geographical, attitudinal and service organisation barriers for adolescents and young adults is an essential first step in addressing mental health problems (Hickie and McGorry, 2007). In Australia, rates of mental illness among young people is higher than for any other population group and represented the major burden of disease for young people with depression making the greatest contribution to this burden. In addition, youth suicide and self-harm have both steadily increased during the 1990s (Williams et al., 2005). 60% of all health-related disability costs in 15 34-year-olds are attributable to mental health problems, and of the total disability years lived in Australia, 27% is attributable to mental disorders. Although most common mental disorders commence before 18 years of age, people aged 25 44 years and 45 64 years are more than twice as likely as those aged under 25 years to receive an active treatment when seen in general practice (Hickie et al., 2005). Research has indicated that some mental health problems can be prevented through appropriate early intervention, and that the impact of existing mental illness can be mitigated through the early provision of appropriate services (Mental Health Policy and Planning Unit, ACT, 2006). It has been estimated that up to 60% of cases of alcohol or other substance misuse could be prevented by earlier treatment of common mental health problems (Hickie et al., 2005). Despite the enthusiastic efforts of many clinicians around Australia, progress in service reform has plateaued, remains piecemeal and is frustratingly slow in contrast to what has been achieved in other countries, many of which began by emulating Australia. In addition, the specialist mental health system is seriously under-funded (McGorry and Yung, 2003). While Australia s national health spending continues to grow past $72 billion the total recurrent mental health spending has consistently remained below 7% of this figure (Hickie et al., 2005). The need for coordinated national health and welfare services for people with mental health and substance misuse problems has been recognised by all Australian governments, but insufficient investment, lack of accountability, divided systems of government and changing health care demands resulted in a very patchy set of reforms (Hickie and McGorry, 2007; Vimpani, 2005). Statistics regarding the problem Close to one in five people in Australia were affected by a mental health problem within a 12-month period, according to the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Young adults were particularly affected, with more than one-quarter of Australians aged 18 to 24 years suffering from at least one mental disorder over a 12-month period (Mental Health Policy and Planning Unit, ACT, 2006). In Australia, the prevalence of mental health problems among children aged 4 12 years lies between 7% and 14%, rises to 19% among adolescents aged 13 17 years, and increases again to 27% among young adults aged 18 24. Therefore, up to one in four young people in Australia are likely to be suffering from a mental health problem, with substance misuse or dependency, depression or anxiety disorder, or some combination of these the most common issues (McGorry et al., 2007). It is therefore more likely that mental health problems will develop between the ages of 12 and 26 than in any other stage of life (Orygen Youth Health, 2009). This situation also exists among Australian Indigenous communities, where the continuing grief and trauma resulting from the loss of traditional lands and cultural practices as a result of colonization, past policies of child removal and the destruction of traditional governance arrangements within Aboriginal communities, are an ever-present cultural reality that plays out in some of the worst developmental health and well-being outcomes in advanced industrial society (Vimpani, 2005). Risk taking by young people Studies show that psychosocial issues form a great burden of disease for young people, including intentional and unintentional injuries, mental disorders, tobacco, alcohol and other substance misuse, and unprotected sexual intercourse (Tylee et al., 2007). The pathways to substance misuse in young people involve complex interplay between individual biological and psychological vulnerability, familial factors and broader societal influences. The impact on family and society is often painful, destructive and expensive (Vimpani, 2005). In 2005, nearly half of all deaths of young men and a third of young women aged 15 34 years in NSW were due to suicide, transport accidents or accidental drug overdoses (418 persons; ABS, 2008b). In 2007, amongst young men in the age group 15-24 in NSW, the average age for first consumption of alcohol was around 15, and amongst women of the same age group, the average age for first use of alcohol was around 17 years. In addition to its potential direct health consequences, risky or high risk drinking can increase the likelihood of a person falling, or being involved in an accident or violence (ABS, 2008a). 71% of persons aged 14-19 and 89.4% of persons aged 20-29 were current drinkers. 27.6% of persons aged 14-19 (40.5% at the age of 20-29) were at risk of short term harm, while 10% (14.7% at the age of 20-29) were at risk of long term harm. Around 90% of Australian youth (aged 18 24 years) have drinking patterns that place them at high risk of acute harm (Lubmen et al., 2007). On av erage, 25 percent of hospitalisations of 15-24 year olds occur as a result of alcohol consumption (Prime Minister of Australia, 2008). Almost one-quarter (23%) of people aged 15 24 years in Australia reported using illicit drugs during the last 12 months, around twice as high as the proportion of people aged 25 years and over (11%). Marijuana/cannabis was the most common drug used by 15 24 year olds (18%), followed by ecstasy (9%), and meth/amphetamines and pharmaceuticals (both 4%). Barriers to provision and use of health services Primary-care health services are sometimes still not available. They may be inaccessible for a variety of reasons such as cost, lack of convenience or lack of publicity and visibility. Health services might not be acceptable to young people, however, even if available and accessible. Fear about lack of confidentiality (particularly from parents) is a major reason for young people s reluctance to seek help, as well as possible stigma, fear of difficult questions. In addition, health professionals might not be trained in communicating with young people. If and when young people seek help, some may be unhappy with the consultation and determine not to go back. To ensure prevention and early intervention efforts, clinicians and public-health workers are increasingly recognising the pressing need to overcome the many barriers that hinder the provision and use of health services by young people, and to transform the negative image of health facilities to one of welcoming user-friendly sett ings (Tylee et al., 2007). Spending in the area remains poor, and service access and tenure are actively withheld in most specialist mental health and substance misuse service systems until high levels of risk or danger are reached, or severe illness, sustained disability and chronicity are entrenched. Thus, just when mental health services are most needed by young people and their families, they are often inaccessible or unacceptable in design, style and quality. Moreover, numerous young people with distressing and disabling mental health difficulties struggle to find age-appropriate assistance. Young people with moderately severe non-psychotic disorders (eg, depression, anxiety disorders and personality disorders), and those with comorbid substance use and mental health issues, are particularly vulnerable. For many of these young people, if they survive (and many do not), their difficulties eventually become chronic and disabling (McGorry et al., 2007). Another barrier is related to the manners in which young people seek help when they have a mental problem. The most recent national survey data for Australia show that only 29% of children and adolescents with a mental health problem had been in contact with a professional service of any type in a 12-month period. Some subgroups, such as young males, young Indigenous Australians and migrants may be even less likely to voluntarily seek professional help when needed. If young people want to talk to anyone, it is generally someone they know and trust and when they do seek professional help, it is from the more familiar sources family doctors and school-based counsellors. However, many young people at high risk of mental health problems do not have links to work, school, or even a family doctor (Rickwood, Deane and Wilson, 2007). Furthermore, mental disorders are not well recognized by the public. The initial Australian survey of mental health literacy showed that many people cannot give the correct psychiatric label to a disorder portrayed in a depression or schizophrenia vignette. There is also a gap in beliefs about treatment between the public and mental-health professionals: the biggest gap is in beliefs about medication for both depression and schizophrenia, and admission to a psychiatric ward for schizophrenia (Jorm et al., 2006). Existing resources: Knowledge, policy and programs Existing knowledge: Manners of interventions Prevention and early intervention programs are normally classified into four types: universal programs are presented to all regardless of symptoms; selective programs target children and adolescents who are at risk of developing a disorder by virtue of particular risk factors, such as being children of a depressed parent; indicated programs are delivered to students with early or mild symptoms of a disorder; and treatment programs are provided for those diagnosed with the disorder (Neil Christensen, 2007). Universal prevention programs target all young people in the community regardless of their level of risk, and include economic measures, social marketing, and regulatory control and law enforcement initiatives, as well as a range of psychosocial programs (Lubmen et al., 2007). In addition, interventions can be divided between promotion and prevention programs. Mental health promotion refers to activity designed to enhance emotional wellbeing, or increase public understanding of mental health issues and reduce the stigma surrounding mental illness. Prevention of mental illness may focus on at risk groups or sectors of the whole population. (Mental Health Policy and Planning Unit, ACT, 2006). Source: Mental Health Policy and Planning Unit, ACT (2006). Finally, collaborative care is typically described as a multifaceted intervention involving combinations of distinct professionals working collaboratively within the primary care setting. Collaborative care not only improves depression outcomes in months, but has been found to show benefits for up to 5 years (Hickie and McGorry, 2007). The importance of early intervention In the last two decades research demonstrated the high importance of early intervention to promote youth mental health and cope with mental disorders and substance misuse. Early intervention is required to minimise the impact of mental illness on a young person s learning, growth and development, thus improving the health outcome of those affected by mental illness. (Orygen Youth Health, 2009). It was found that the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) could be dramatically reduced by providing community education and mobile detection teams in an experimental study (McGorry, Killackey Yung, 2007; McGorry et al., 2007). On the other hand, delayed treatment and prolonged duration of untreated psychosis is correlated with poorer response to treatment and worse outcomes. Thus, first-episode psychosis should be viewed as a psychiatric emergency and immediate treatment sought as a matter of urgency (McGorry and Yung, 2003). The existing evidence also highlights the importance of prevention and early intervention programs on substance abuse. Such programs focus on delaying the age of onset of drug experimentation; reducing the number of young people who progress to regular or problem use; and encouraging current users to minimise or reduce risky patterns of use. Universal school-based drug education programs have been found to be effective in preventing and delaying the onset of drug use and reducing drug consumption (Lubmen et al., 2007). Early andeffective intervention, targeting young people aged 12 25 years, is a community priority. A robust focus on young people s mental health has the capacity to generate greater personal, social and economic benefits than similar intervention in other age groups, and is therefore one of the best buys for future reforms (McGorry et al., 2007). Importance of other players During the early phases of a mental disorder, members of a person s social network (including parents, peers and GPs) can play an important role in providing support and encouraging appropriate help-seeking. For mental-health problems, young people tend to seek help from friends and family rather than health services. In developing countries, young people are even less willing to seek professional help for more sensitive matters (Tylee et al., 2007). As friends and family are often consulted first by young people, they constitute and important part of the pathway to professional mental health services (Rickwood, Deane and Wilson, 2007). In a survey with young Australians and their parents, it was found that the most common response was to listen, talk or support the person, followed by listen, talk orsupport family and encourage professional help-seeking. Counsellor and GP/doctor/medical were the most frequently mentioned types of professional help that would be encouraged, but when young people were asked open ended questions about how they would help a peer, only a minority mentioned that they would encourage professional help. Among parents, encouraging professional help was a common response both in open-ended and direct questions (Jorm, Wright and Morgan, 2007). General practice is essential to young people s mental health and is often the point of initial contact with professional services. However, there is a need to improve the ability of GPs to recognise mental health problems in young people As well asensuring privacy and clearly explaining confidentiality. Finally, GPs can provide reassurance that it is common to feel distress at times, and that symptoms can be a normal response to stressful events (Rickwood et al., 2007). Schools For the small percentage of youth who do receive service, this typically occurs in a school setting. School-based mental health (SBMH) programs and services not only enhance access to services for youth, but also reduce stigma for help seeking, increase opportunities to promote generalization and enhance capacity for mental health promotion and problem prevention efforts (Paternite, 2005). There is compelling evidence of the effectiveness of a range of school-based interventions in primary and secondary schools for children and young people at risk of substance abuse (Vimpani, 2005). One study found that participation in a school-based intervention beginning in preschool was associated with a wide range of positive outcomes, including less depressive symptoms (Reynolds et al., 2009). Best elements for SBMH include: (a) school family community agency partnerships, (b) commitment to a full continuum of mental health education, mental health promotion, assessment, problem prevention, early intervention, and treatment, and (c) services for all youth, including those in general and special education. A strong connection between schools and other community agencies and programs also assists in moving a community toward a system of care, and promotes opportunities for developing more comprehensive and responsive programs and services (Paternite, 2005). Government policy There are a number of examples of governmental policy and program to enhance youth mental health. The new Medicare-based scheme now includes a suite of measures designed to increase access to appropriate and affordable forms of evidence-based psychological care. Unfortunately, it largely reverts to traditional individual fee-for-service structures. There are no requirements for geographical distribution of services, despite the evidence of gross mal-distribution of mental health specialist services in Australia and the proven contribution of lack of mental health services to increased suicide rates in rural and regional communities (Hickie and McGorry, 2007). Transformation is also occurring in primary care in Australia. GPs are increasing their skills, providing new evidence-based medication and psychological treatments, and beginning to emphasise long term functional outcomes rather than short-term relief of symptoms. Early-intervention paradigms depend on earlier presentation for treatment. Future progress now depends on development of an effective and accessible youth-health and related primary care network. (Hickie et al., 2005). As for substance abuse, The National Campaign Against Drug Abuse (now known as the National Drug Strategy) was established in 1985. It is an inter-governmental and strategic approach based on national and state government cooperation and planning. The campaign has been adopted to bring together research and practice relevant to the treatment and prevention to protect the healthy development of children and youth (Williams et al., 2005). Existing programs There are several existing programs which address youth mental health and substance abuse. Knowing which programs exist may help us in understanding existing resources and knowledge, learning best practices, and recognising what else needs to be done. Australian programs: * The National Youth Mental Health Foundation headspace: providing mental and health wellbeing support, information and services to young people aged 12 to 25 years and their families across Australia. www.headspace.org.au * MindMatters is a national mental health initiative funded by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. It is a professional development program supporting Australian secondary schools in promoting and protecting the mental health, social and emotional wellbeing of all the members of school communities. www.mindmatters.edu.au * Mindframe: a national Australian Governments program aimed at improving media reporting on mental health issues, providing access to accurate information about suicide and mental illness and portraying these issues in the news media and on stage and screen in Australia. www.mindframe-media.info * The Personal Assessment and Crises Evaluation (PACE) clinic provides treatment for young people who are identified as being at ultra high risk. It involves facilitated groups using adult learning principles based on a curriculum addressing adolescent communication, conflict resolution and adolescent development. http://cp.oyh.org.au/ClinicalPrograms/pace * The Gatehouse Project has been developed in Australia as an enhancement program for use in the secondary school environment. It incorporates professional training for teachers and an emotional competence curriculum for students and is designed to make changes in the social and learning environments of the school as well as promoting change at the individual level. www.rch.org.au/gatehouseproject * Pathways to Prevention: a universal, early intervention , developmental prevention project focused on the transition to school in one of the most disadvantaged urban areas in Queensland. * The Positive Parenting Program (Triple P), which has been implemented widely in Australia and elsewhere for parents of preschool children, has also been implemented for parents of primary school-aged children. http://www1.triplep.net * The Family Partnerships training program, now established in several Australian states and already incorporated into maternal and child health and home visitor training, is designed to improve the establishment of an effective respectful partnership between health workers and their clients. Other international programs: * ARC (Availability, Responsiveness and Continuity): an organizational and community intervention model that was designed to support the improvement of social and mental health services for children. The ARC model incorporates intervention components from organizational development, inter-organizational domain development, the diffusion of innovation, and technology transfer that target social, strategic, and technological factors in effective children s services. * Preparing for the Drug Free Years (PDFY) is a universal prevention programme targeted at parents of pre-adolescents (aged 8 -14 years) that has been subjected to several large-scale dissemination and effectiveness studies across 30 states of the United States and Canada involving 120000 families. Future directions This paper suggests that despite a wealth of knowledge and information on appropriate interventional methods, services to address youth mental health in Australia are not consistently provided and are often under-funded. New evidence is continuously available for professionals; however this knowledge has often failed to filter through to the community and those in need. As Bertolote McGorry (2005) asserted, despite the availability of interventions that can reduce relapses by more than 50%, not all affected individuals have access to them, and when they do, it is not always in a timely and sustained way. The major health problems for young people are largely preventable. Access to primary-health services is seen as an important component of care, including preventive health for young people. Young people need services that are sensitive to their unique stage of biological, cognitive, and psychosocial transition into adulthood, and an impression of how health services can be made more youth-friendly has emerged (Tylee et al., 2007). Existing and new extended community networks, including business, schools, sporting bodies, government sectors, community agencies and the broader community are asked to play their part in mental health promotion and illness prevention. These networks will: * bring together all service sectors and the broader community in closer collaboration in the promotion of mental health; * exchange information about, and increase understanding of existing activities, and encourage new ones; * develop and strengthen the mental health promoting aspects of existing activities; develop greater mental health promotion skills right across the community; and * encourage an environment that fosters and welcomes new ideas, and supports adaptation and innovation to respond to a new environment (Mental Health Policy and Planning Unit, ACT, 2006). As for substance misuse, despite acknowledgement of the substantial costs associated with alcohol misuse within Australia, there have not been serious attempts to reduce alcohol harm using the major levers of mass-marketing campaigns, accompanied by significant changes to alcohol price and regulatory controls. Young people continue to be given conflicting messages regarding the social acceptability of consuming alcohol (Lubmen et al., 2007). According to the Mental Health Policy and Planning Unit (2006), ideas about the best strategies for supporting the mental health of the community are undergoing great change in Australia and internationally, with a growing focus on preventative approaches. Mental health promotion and prevention are roles for the whole community and all sectors of government. Although Australia has slipped behind in early intervention reform, it is now emerging that the situation can improve and that Australia can again be at the forefront of early intervention work. Here are some proposals as to how this can best be achieved: 1. Guaranteed access to specialist mental health services for a minimum period of 3 years post-diagnosis for all young people aged 15 25 with a first-episode of psychosis. New funding is clearly required to support this. 2. Such funding must be quarantined into new structures, programmes and teams. 3. The child versus adult psychiatry service model split is a serious flaw for early intervention and for modern and appropriate developmental psychiatry models. It needs to be transcended by proactive youth-orientated models. Early detection and engagement can be radically improved through such reforms and specialist mental health care can also be delivered in a less salient and stigmatized manner. McGorry et al. (2007) suggested four service levels that are required to fully manage mental illness among young people: 1. Improving community capacity to deal with mental health problems in young people through e-health, provision of information, first aid training and self-care initiatives; 2. Primary care services provided by general practitioners and other frontline service providers, such as school counsellors, community health workers, and non-government agency youth workers; 3. Enhanced primary care services provided by GPs (ideally working in collaboration with specialist mental health service providers in co-located multidisciplinary service centres) as well as team-based virtual networks; 4. Specialist youth-specific (12 25 years) mental health services providing comprehensive assessment, treatment and social and vocational recovery services (McGorry et al., 2007). Elements of successful programs (best practices) Revising the vast research on preventing mental disorders and promoting mental health among youth, particularly in Australia, as well as examining some of the successful and effective programs in the field, the following items summarise elements of current best practice: 1. Holistic approaches and community engagement: a. Adopt holistic approaches which integrate mental health promotion with other aspects of community and individual wellbeing b. Balance between universal and targeted programmes and their relative cost-effectiveness. c. Engage young people, the community and youth support services in working together to build the resilience of young people, and encourage early help and help seeking when problems occur d. Community engagement with the youth, and youth engagement with the community e. Outreach workers, selected community members and young people themselves are involved in reaching out with health services to young people in the community f. Promote community-based health facility: including stand-alone units (which are generally run by non-governmental organisations or by private individuals or institutions), and units that are an integral part of a district or municipal health system (that are run by the government). 2. Access to services and information: a. Make services more accessible to youth by collaborating with schools, GPs, parents etc. b. Social marketing to reduce stigma and make information more accessible c. Have more information online for young people with mental health issues, their families and peers. Promote understanding among community members of the benefits that young people will gain by obtaining health services a. Reduce costs b. Improve convenience of point of delivery working hours and locations 3. Assure youth-friendly primary-care services a. Have other players in the community involved in promotion of youth mental health, such as schools, GPs, and community centres b. Practitioners training c. Ensure confidentiality and privacy (including discreet entrance) d. Addressing inequities (including gender inequities) and easing the respect, protection, and fulfilment of human rights 4. Inter-sectoral and inter-organisational collaboration: a. Enable organisations to work in partnership towards shared goals b. Lead to multi agency, client centred service delivery and care 5. Research and support: a. Provide support such as information and training for the community and for mental health carers and consumers to plan and participate in mental health promotion activity b. Acknowledge formal and informal knowledge 6. Policy: a. Promoting a whole-of-government response to support optimal development health and well-being outcomes b. Policies and procedures are in place that ensure health services that are either free or affordable to all young people